This is a special holiday edition of the Sci-Tech Library Newsletter. I have dusted this off from last year, repaired the old links, and added a few new ones. Enjoy!

There are lots of holiday sites on the WWW, but you'll find more than just Santa here. These sites sites were chosen for your enjoyment and are of special interest to the sciences and social sciences, but still, I hope, reflect some of the joys of the season!

1. ADVENT IS HERE

   The Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics created a special Advent calendar that shows the 24 genes that help you celebrate the holidays. The calendar was created for 2000, but it is still fun. Check it every day at http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/1/pow001201.html (Thanks to Caryn S. Wesner-Early)

2. NORTHERN LIGHTS ABLAZE ON YOUR COMPUTER
   
   For gorgeous photographs of this phenomenon, from both the earth and from space, and for a quick-time movie showing the shimmer, check this site from San Francisco's famous Exploratorium Museum. http://www.exploratorium.edu/learning_studio/auroras/
   
   Additional discussion of this extraordinary phenomena can be found at the Aurora Explained. http://www.alaskascience.com/aurora.htm

   The next few years should be an era of peak activity, with lights possibly showing as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. How do you go about spotting an aurora? It helps to live some place with dark skies, and, of course, your latitude matters, too. But there are other factors that also come into play. Find hints at http://personal.inet.fi/koti/tom.eklund/aurora_tiedostot/spotting.html. If you are lucky enough to live where you can see the Lights, check out hints on photographing the Aurora at http://www.ptialaska.net/~hutch/aurora.html.

   Do you suppose that Santa's reindeer use the lights as their pathway?
   
   

3. INTERPLANETARY SANTA

   Speaking of Santa, is he thinking ahead to future generations that may live on places other than the Earth? Check the exclusive "Interview with Santa" brought to you by NASA at http://www.science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast25dec99_1.htm for the answer to this intriguing question.

   Thursdays Classroom, along with NASA, present a new rendition of "The Night before Christmas", and give instructions for making a Starshine Christmas ornament at http://www.thursdaysclassroom.com/18dec01/corner.html. Find out how Santa got his rocket sleigh at http://kids.msfc.nasa.gov/events/xmas/.

   NASA has arranged for Christmas visitors to Mars in 2003. Read about it at http://www.cosmiverse.com/space12240108.html.

   Want to send a holiday e-postcard with an astronomical theme? There are some astounding ones at http://chandra.harvard.edu/cards/holiday.html.

   What do you suppose the Martian Santa Claus looks like?

4. THE NORTH POLE
   
   The North Pole isn't just important because Santa Claus lives there. It is a region worth study for purely scientific and for economic reasons as well. Find out why at the NOAA Arctic Theme Page. http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/faq.html
   
   The Houghton Mars Project isn't quite at the North Pole, but it's pretty close ... The project is set up to test the equipment and technology (habitation, transportation, life support, recycling, etc.), that may be deployed during a human mission to Mars. http://www.marsonearth.org/
   
   Ever wonder what the North Pole looks like?

   NASA presents a satellite picture at file:///C:/Program%20Files/Qualcomm/Eudora/Imap/Dominant/INBOX/Attach/ht%20http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/viewrecord?5075. Might global warming affect this image in future years?
   http://whyfiles.org/shorties/064lake_ice/
   news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/americas/newsid_888000/888235.stm

   Of course, other planets have north poles, too. Check the photographs of the dust storm at the Martian North Pole. oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/PR/1996/34.html The sun also has a north pole, with some very interesting weather phenomena. www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2001/release_2001_182.html

   Or check the discussions of the various exploration expeditions to the Arctic and introductions to the indigenous peoples of the Arctic around the world on the Arctic Circlepage. http://www.lib.uconn.edu/ArcticCircle/HistoryCulture/
   
   Greenland is close enough to the North Pole to count as possible Santa-land in my book! You can get a fabulous free Yupik Mask Screensaver. http://www.greenland-guide.gl/masks/default.htm
   
   

5. REINDEER
   
   What would the holiday be without reindeer? The 160,000 animals that make up the Porcupine Caribou Herd range throughout the Northern Yukon and neighboring Alaska and Northwest Territories. What are the effects of global climate change on the herd? How do they distribute themselves within their range? What is the influence of snow density, wind, and insect harassment on them? Such knowledge is essential in building computer models to predict the impact of climate change in the caribou population. Enjoy the gorgeous slide show. http://www.taiga.net/caribou/pch/slides/index.html

   What are the differences between reindeer and caribou? Find out at the Taiga.net page. www.taiga.net/yourYukon/col61.html

   What is the human impact on these animals? You can read about it at http://www.taiga.net/rangifer/. People have been associated with reindeer ever since there were people. See the lovely drinking reindeer done by ice-age people on the wall of a cave http://www.humanities-interactive.org/ancient/iceage/ex038_10b.html. Many people around the world still depend on these creatures as a source of food and as beasts of burden. Their lives are shaped by the lives of the reindeer/caribou herds with which they live. Visit the Siberian reindeer herders at http://www.discovery.com/stories/nature/reindeer/reindeer.html and see a lifestyle that is very different from your own. The Gwichin people of the Yukon have always depended on the Caribou herds. The folks of Old Crow show you how they use the Caribou for food, clothing, shelter, tools, art - every part of their daily lives. http://collections.ic.gc.ca/old_crow/caribou/caribou.html You can also listen to the National Public Radio story "Caribou Crossings," by reporter Elizabeth Arnold about the Gwich'in people and caribou. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/radiox/caribou/index.html

   Do you suppose Santa lives like these peoples?
   
   Reindeer don't live all by themselves up in the Arctic. What about Polar Bears? Learn about these reindeer neighbors at the PBS Great White Bear website at http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/whitebear/index.html A gallery of stunning pictures is available at http://www.polarbearsalive.org/gallery.php

6. THE HOLLY AND THE IVY ... (AND THE MISTLETOE)
   
   What would the season be without wreaths and garlands? This site at Texas A&M has gorgeous botanical images--full plant, leaves, flowers, etc. Do a search on Ilex, Hedera, or Loranthaceae. www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/gallery.htm
   
   The How Stuff Works webpage has lots of information about and pictures of mistletoe. www.howstuffworks.com/mistletoe.htm More information about the plant and its folklore is provided by the Univ. of Saskatchewan. www.ag.usask.ca/cofa/departments/hort/hortinfo/misc/mistleto.html Mistletoe grows all over the world, and many of the species are quite different from the quiet plant we are used to seeing hanging above the door at Christmas time. www.sciencenews.org/20001223/bob2.asp

   But how about other plants? Do you know that you could not have such a merry Christmas without fungi? Read about the "Fungi That Are Necessary for a Merry Christmas". http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/xmas.html

   If you are worried about whether your decorations might be poisonous, check the information from the Central Texas Poison Center. http://www.sw.org/poison/poisonousplants.htm
   
   

7. THE STAR OF BETHLEHEM
   
   Many planetariums present shows on the Star of Bethlehem at this season, but no matter how hard you try to be careful and well-researched, errors can creep into the presentation. Find out what some of the common errors are in the article by John Mosely, program director at the Griffith Observatory. http://www.griffithobs.org/IPSChristmasErrors.html
   
   Griffith Observatory also offers a good list of authoritative Star of Bethlehem web resources. www.griffithobs.org/StarofBethlehem.html

   Can a Roman coin provide clues about this famous star? Inspiration for research can come from anywhere! http://www.eclipse.net/~molnar/
   
   You may not expect something as spectacular as the Star of Bethlehem this year, but to keep track of what you might see in the holiday night sky, check out the weekly report of the Star Gazer, whom you may have heard on various NPR stations. www.jackstargazer.com/ or StarDate at http://www.stardate.org/nightsky/weekly.php.

8. FOR THE SCROOGES AMONG US
   
   For a discussion of the scientific reasons Santa cannot possibly exist, try the "Science--Bah Humbug!" page by Bill Drennon. www.cvc.org/christmas/science.htm
   
   On the other hand, Fermi Lab's FERMI NEWS has an interesting article entitled "Santa At Nearly the Speed of Light" that discusses quite cogently the speed at which Santa must travel to accomplish his tasks, and whether traveling at this speed helps enable him to slide down chimneys, as well as other related Santa physics phenomena. http://www.fnal.gov/pub/ferminews/santa/index.html

   More on this important problem of physics is available in a later article, "Santa's World Revisited. http://www.fnal.gov/pub/ferminews/ferminews00-05-12/p4.html (Thanks to Hannah King)

   Besides, if there is no Santa, how can the sophisticated electronics at NORAD successfully track the sleigh progress each year? http://www.noradsanta.org/
   
   If you are still in doubt, you might try to test the hypothesis scientifically. Build a Santa Trap for instance. www.txtwriter.com/Onscience/Articles/Santa.html

9. WILL THERE BE A WHITE CHRISTMAS THIS YEAR?
   
   The National Climatic Data Center brings you a region-by-region examination of the climatological chances for a white Christmas in the continental United States. www.stormfax.com/whtexmas.htm (Only 13% chance for Washington, DC. Sigh.)

   You can keep track of Santa's weather at the North Pole Environmental Observatory or the service provided by Environment Canada. http://www.sentex.net/~kdor/weather.html Or check it out yourself using the North Pole Webcam (http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/gallery_np.html)

   Scholastic presents a timeline with information about memorable winter storms in U.S. history.http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/wwatch/winter/timeline/index.htm Learn more about winter storms from weather.com. http://www.weather.com/encyclopedia/winter/

   Climate change is with us all the time. The Vikings were able to launch their explorations and settlements in the New World because of a particular climate change that made ice less of an oceanic threat around 1000 A.D. How do scientists monitor climate over thousands of years? http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/determining_climate_record.html

   What does snow look like when you are really close up? Check out the fascinating electron microscope images of snow crystals www.lpsi.barc.usda.gov/emusnow/.

   Caltech has a wonderful webpage that includes information about the physics of snow, photographs of snow flakes made to order (designer snow crystals), very detailed information about photographing snow, and more! www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/ If you can't photograph snowflakes, you can catch their patterns on glass using hairspray. Here are directions for this and other snow science activities http://www.teelfamily.com/activities/snow/science.html.

   Some peoples of the far north make shelters from snow. Learn more (including how to build an igloo) at http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/houses/igloo.html. You will find more information at http://collections.ic.gc.ca/cape_dorset/dwell1.html.
   
   How about ice? Ever wonder why it is possible to ice skate? Find the answer at the Physics of Ice webpage http://satchmo.as.arizona.edu/~jrigby/skating/main.html

   More links to snow resources are available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center World Data Center. www-nsidc.colorado.edu/NSIDC/EDUCATION/SNOW/web_resources.html
   
   

10. WHEN IS WINTER, ANYWAY?
    
    For the exact time of the winter solstice for any year between 2000 and 2009, check the chart provided by the University of Virginia. You will also find a discussion of exactly what the solstice is and why it happens. www.astro.virginia.edu/~eww6n/astro/WinterSolstice.html
    
    The exact time of Solstice was very important to many ancient peoples, who built architectural structures and developed other sophisticated ways to measure it. Explore Ireland's Newgrange passage tomb. www.knowth.com/newgrange.htm Watch the solstice on the webcam at the Maeshowe chambered tomb in the Orkneys , http://www.hogmanay.net/scotland/orkney_maeshowe.shtml. Or take a tour of Chaco Canyon, where the summer solstice took precedence. www.colorado.edu/Conferences/chaco/tour/chacomap.htm If you have QuickTime, you can watch a video of summer solstice at Chaco. For more information on archaeoastronomy, visit the Archaeoastronomy Center at the University of Maryland. www.wam.umd.edu/~tlaloc/archastro/cfaar_as.html
    
    
11. HOLIDAY FUN FOR LINGUISTS
    
    The Linguists among us will enjoy the various lexemes for the word "snow" found in one northern dialect. http://www.princeton.edu/~browning/snow.html A linguistic discussion of "snow" in Inuit and Yupik can be found at http://www.urbanlegends.com/language/eskimo_words_for_snow_derby.html You can even download the Inuit font (if you are using Windows) and once it is installed on your PC, go to the NASA North Pole Project webpage and follow the instructions to see what the webpage would look like in Inuit.
    Download the Inuit font for your PC. http://coolspace.gsfc.nasa.gov/northpole/inuit100.zip
    
    Of course, language is more than just vocal and written words. Learn to sign "Merry Christmas". www.cvc.org/christmas/sign_mc.htm

    Or check out the Old English-style poem Hrodulf the Red-Nosed Reindeer and marvel at how language changes through time, and yet still follows discernable patterns. If you can't provide your own translation, just look further down the page ... www.georgetown.edu/cball/oe/rudolph.html
    
    

12. THE CHEMISTRY OF CHRISTMAS
    
    Ever wonder what the "smell of Christmas" might look like? Check out the " Swedish Christmas Chemistry" site. http://www.santesson.com/christ/chemhome.htm You will find chemical formulas for compounds and processes in spices, lutefisk (My older relatives tell me its yummy. The younger ones say nothing.), Christmas trees, candlelight, sparklers, and glogg (spiced wine).

    If you want more information on these chemical structures, check them out in CS Chemfinder http://chemfinder.camsoft.com/. You can search by name or chemical structure (and more) to find detailed structure, melting points, boiling points, specific gravity, and more.

    Kids may enjoy a Christmas Chemistry Lab http://www.frankenmuth.k12.mi.us/fhs/science/Candy.html. Or use chemistry to solve the "Christmas Cookie Mystery" http://sciencespot.net/Pages/classchem.html#Anchor2

    For some obscure reason, chemists more than any other scientists seem to like to compose Christmas carols. Consider this jewel from the alt.Cesium newsgroup.

    "For non cesiophiles, cesium is the most electropositive element known, and as such has merited its own newsgroup alt.cesium. It has a number of unique properties:

    • It explodes violently on contact with water.
    • It burns with a brilliant blue flame - the name cesium derives from the sky-blue lines in its spectrum.
    • It's hydroxide (what is left after it is finished exploding with water) is the most powerful base known, and will eat through glass.
    • It is used as the central component of cesium-beam clocks, the most accurate time pieces in existence.
    • When consumed over a period of time, it produces a characteristic mania.
    The following songs were posted to over a period of several weeks.

    SONGS OF CESIUM Translations from the Cesish Translator's note: The ancient manuscripts from which these songs are derived are fragmentary, and consequently the accuracy of the following translations must be taken with a grain of Cesium Chloride. In places, the translator has filled in gaps to the best of his ability using available knowledge about the culture and traditions of ancient Cesia much of which, is itself controversial. ... For now, Enjoy, Sing, and Hail Cesium!!! RN

    Oh Cesium (Tune, Oh Christmas tree)
    Oh Cesium, oh Cesium,
    Thy spectrum doth us please-ium.
    Thy sky-blue lines in plasma's fire,
    Do dreams of icy lakes inspire.
    Oh Cesium, oh Cesium,
    Thy spectrum doth us please-ium.

    Oh Cesium, oh Cesium,
    When held, you never freeze-ium.
    Thy gently smoking silver spheres,
    When dropped in water, please the ears.
    Oh Cesium, oh Cesium,
    When held, you never freeze-ium.

    Oh Cesium, oh Cesium,
    You put us at our ease-ium.
    You tend the seconds of the day,
    So that our watches never stray
    Oh Cesium, oh Cesium,
    You put us at our ease-ium.
    ---Songs of Cesium #34"

    At Christmas in 1827, Michael Faraday gave a series of lectures on chemistry. The Wilson Center has updated them. They don't address Christmas themes, but it just goes to show that the interesting relationship chemists have had with Christmas goes way back in time. http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/faraday/
    
    

HAPPY HOLIDAYS AND A PROSPEROUS NEW YEAR!

Compiled by Stephanie Bianchi, 12/97. Revised 12/02.

Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this newsletter are those of the participants (authors), and do not necessarily represent the official views, opinions, or policy of the National Science Foundation.